Federal Reserve Essays

Central bank Essays Central bank Essay Central bank Essay The U.S. Economy was influenced from multiple points of view by the various assessment rate cuts; the influences incorporate the securities exchange, producing, retail deals, joblessness, U.S. customer certainty, and bits of gossip about wars.The Feds objective is to bring in cash progressively accessible to buyers, who drive 66% of Americas economy, and keep them spending.Most financial analysts think the psychological oppressor assaults of September 11, pushed the U.S. Economy, effectively powerless following a year-long lull in spending by organizations, into a recession.The fear based oppressor assaults have essentially increased vulnerability in an economy that was at that point feeble, the Fed proclamation said.Business and family unit spending as a result are by and large further damped.Recent information implied that the ambushed producing division, which has borne the brunt of a year-long stoppage in the general economy, was starting to recuperate before the attacks.But ther e have likewise been signs that purchaser certainty was starting to melt away before the assaults, and it has absolutely done as such in the days since. (Cnnmoney,10/02/01)One may address if the Feds strategy moves are compelling any more.After all, doubtlessly nine rate cuts in a year would at any rate have affected stock costs, which for the most part resond emphatically to bring down rates.Instead, significant stock records, even before Sept. 11, were beneath the levels they held before the Fed began cutting rates.The financial exchange found that a considerable lot of the numbers it had been utilizing to attempt to put forth a defense for purchasing costly stocks extended from forcefully limited time to by and large lies and one of the Big Five bookkeeping firms was sentenced for extortion. (Macleans, 9/16/02)The travel industry was in emergency, and a few carriers would go bankrupt.On a monetary side, President Bush and Congress had affirmed a $40-billion crisis help bundle and a $15-billion bailout of the aircraft business in the day.

Roles of Human Resource Management (HRM)

Jobs of Human Resource Management (HRM) The job of the (HR) work has expanded significantly lately with some of the HR-related exercises being considered as vital exercises. These exercises accommodate the expanded job of the HR work in the administration of the business prompting the term key HRM (HR the executives) which characterizes the distinction in approach and significance of the HR work. The idea of vital HRM alludes to HR exercises that encourage vital adaptability with the objective of arriving at a unique fit and sufficiently noting the solicitations of the technique of the association and nature (De Pablos Lytras, 2008, p.50). This suggests the HR exercises which could be considered as vital HRM are the HR exercises which straightforwardly sway the usage of the procedure of the association including those which sway the vital heading of the association. These exercises are best observed through instances of HR exercises in associations which can be referenced as vital HRM. The models introduced in this article incorporate the execution of pertinent preparing projects to acquire noteworthy improvement an organizations operational execution, the advancement of information the board in the association, and the improvement of generally ability level in the association. Every one of these models is examined further. The main model is the usage of important preparing projects to get huge improvement an organizations operational execution. The HR work has as a component of its run of the mill command the preparation of staff in an association. The improvement of staff and their proceeded with development as far as expert and self-awareness is one of the principle difficulties of the HR work especially in the ongoing time frame where expanded rivalry in the commercial center has requested more noteworthy aptitudes and abilities from faculty (Kaplan Norton, 2004). For preparing and advancement exercises to advance from regular HR useful exercises to vital HRM activities, the activities need to have a fundamental significance on the side of the associations operational exercises. The examination of Pandey (2007) is significant as it gives a few models wherein the activities of the HR work in preparing and advancement of staff were viewed as vital HRM exercises. In this exploration, the effect on the firm execution was noted with the improvement of operational efficiencies of the associations prompting upper hand versus different players in the market. The consequences of the exploration demonstrate that the Six Sigma intercession concentrating on a contextual analysis association brought about procedures which are the modern prescribed procedures that synchronize with the socio-social arrangement of the association and make it the differentiator, which is supplemented with its arrangement with the authoritative method of working including the vital purpose of the firm, specialized skill of the workforce and hierarchical culture which were totally incorporated in the Six Sigma approach and goal (Pandey, 2007, p.149). Plainly, for the situation investigation of the examination, the preparation activity of the contextual investigation association was viewed as a key HRM action given the effect of the procedure on the general methodology in the tasks of the business. The principle impediment of the examination was that the extension was constrained to one single contextual analysis association. Moreover, the effect was not evaluated and the cases study association was not recognized given classification contemplations and it was simply alluded to as a global enterprise in the monetary administrations segment. The examination of Pandey (2007) identified various different organizations which sought after Six Sigma mediations which could be considered as vital HRM activities given the size of the effect of the activities. Linda (2004, refered to in Pandey, 2007) noticed that the HR capacity of Dow Chemical had the option to create US$3.2 million in positive budgetary effect for the association through the Six Sigma mediation activity. In a different model, Bhatnagar Sharma (2004, refered to in Pandey, 2007) noticed that Ford had created more than US$1 billion in reserve funds from 2000 because of the organizations Six Sigma intercession actualized by the HR work. In both these cases, the HR work sought after apparently key HR activities as the activities taken according to the preparation and instruction of the work power prompted improved operational capacities which upgraded the serious situation of the organizations, and furthermore produced noteworthy money related advantages affecting t he primary concern of the organizations emphatically. In the neighborliness business, a case of a firm which fuses vital HRM in its exercises is the Hilton Group which joins key HRM to its improved business execution and the conveyance of the Hilton guarantee to its customers (Maxwell Lyle, 2002). The subsequent model is in the improvement of information the executives in the association. This is especially useful for associations where information is basic and is the fundamental ability that separates an association from different players in the market. A case of a part wherein this is the situation is the expert administrations segment. The examination of Teo et al (2008) is critical to consider as it noticed the HR activities that sway the key situation of the expert administrations firms. These were the HR activities which sway the abilities, information and capacities of the staff in the association with a specific spotlight on the administration of information laborers as this legitimately prompts the expanded seriousness of the expert administrations firms. It is the improvement of the human capital and its foundation as the key differentiator for the organizations and its upper hand that recognizes this specific activity to be considered as vital HRM. Youndt Snell (200 4) is additionally a significant diary to consider as this shows the expanded significance of human capital in the upper hand of associations versus other unmistakable capital and resources that used to drive the intensity of associations. The effect of human capital and its connect to the organizations execution has been noted in other research fills in also (Teece, 2003; Hill et al, 2003). The confinement in the utilization of the examination of Teo et al (2008) as a contextual analysis inquire about for this exposition is that it doesn't give the particular names of the expert administrations firms remembered for the exploration. The third model is the advancement of by and large ability level in the association. The examination of Sharma Bhatnagar (2009) indicated how the improvement of an ability the board technique is one of the key vital HRM activities that significantly affect the presentation of a firm. The ability the board methodology can affect not just the ability level of the individual workers in the association yet in addition the authority in various degrees of the association. The administration of ability and the pipeline is a vital HRM action as it impacts the authority pipeline of the association (Cogner Fulmer, 2005). Likewise with the past two models, this case of a HR movement prompts improved execution in the association. Ability the board accordingly is a driver of the upgraded capacity in the association and its improved operational and budgetary execution (Chugh Bhatnagar, 2006). The examination works demonstrated for this case of the advancement of ability the executives in an association as a vital HRM activity demonstrate this is viewed as a key action that numerous associations seek after. Be that as it may, the exploration works have not named the particular associations used in the examination works and the contextual investigations predictable with normal private examinations. By the by, unmistakably ability the board is viewed as a significant activity for associations and is one action that is remembered for the class of vital HRM activities. This is driven by the effect that the activity has on the presentation of the association just as the subsequent serious situation of the associations which are actualizing ability the board techniques to build up the aptitudes and capacities of the staff in the association. The ability the executives incorporates activities that build up the work force in the association and furthermore draws in and initiates o ther staff to the association so as to raise the general ability level that exists in the association. The models are just a portion of the HR exercises that could be considered as key HRM. The models introduced are not intended to be comprehensive as there are surely various different activities that can characterize key HRM activities. The models do show that there are various rules that support the exercises started by the HR work all together for these exercises to be considered as key HRM. The HR exercises that are available in an association which can be named vital HRM exercises are those which sway the upper hand of the association with the HR work driving the improvement of the activity and dealing with the activities identified with the activity. These are additionally the exercises which are a piece of the run of the mill HRM work however which currently include a key angle as far as the activities taken especially as these identify with and bolster the key activities of the association. At long last, these are additionally the exercises which create critical advantage to t he association as far as budgetary effect or advancement of aptitudes and capacities or individual which lead to improved seriousness of the association. The models introduced give a comprehension of which HR exercises can be a piece of vital HRM and which of these exercises can be sufficiently significant to be considered as a major aspect of the idea of key HRM. In general, the principle direction for the activities to be c

Next Steps for EA Deferred

Next Steps for EA Deferred On Wednesday, December 16th, we released decisions for Early Action (EA) applicants. There was a definitive resolution for those students who were admitted or denied in EA. Deferred students, however, will have to wait a little longer as we reconsider their cases in Regular Action (RA). Ive had a number of deferred students write in with questions so I wanted to post a quick entry that answered some of them publicly. What new stuff should I send? The only new thing you need to send in is the February Updates Notes form. Youll use the FUN form to tell us your midyear grades and anything new that has happened or will happen. As always, you can send us stuff via fax (617-687-9184) or mail, but the FUN form is the best way to update us. The FUN form is due by February 15th. You may still submit a supplemental portfolio, but you do not need to; I would only consider this if you were planning to do so during EA but ran out of time. If you are retaking tests in December or January, you may also designate MIT as a score recipient, and well add them to your application. You may not rewrite your essays, redo your interview, redo your entire applicationanything like that. We deferred you because we want to reconsider your application (the one you have already sent) in RA. What are my chances in Regular Action? Once we defer you, you are automatically reconsidered when we reconvene the admissions committees for RA next spring. You are at no advantage nor disadvantage for having been deferred in EA. Nobody, not even me, can accurately gauge your chance of being admitted to MIT. With that said, in the last few years we have admitted between 150-300 students in RA who were initially deferred in EA. Thats a small number, but to be honest so is the number of RA applicants who are admitted. Its hard to get into MIT. Being deferred means youre going to get another fair shot. Bloggers who were deferred and then admitted (and blogged about it) include Hamsika and Lydia, and I would recommend reading about their experiences. Can I call / email / owl in to find out why I was deferred? No. We wont tell you, because we cant. We make decisions collaboratively, in committees, and no one person has access to the reason (or set of reasons) why anyone was deferred as opposed to admitted or denied. Having done this for some time now, I can tell you it is almost never one thing that, if only it had been otherwise, the decision would be different. I understand this ambiguity can be difficult, but most selective processes are characterized by this kind of complexity. My advice would be to send in the FUN form and then focus on anything other than MIT (other college apps, your classes, your clubs, your navel, whatever) until we release RA decisions. As Lydia commented in the deferred open thread last year: I actually do agree that the best thing you can do is to focus on things that are not MIT (or other college) admissionsIf I could do things over, I wouldnt think about MIT at all in the months between getting deferred and March. Do this thing, this thing that Lydia said (hint: this is good life advice generally). Im an RA Applicant, but I read this post anyway; what do I do? You are very sneaky. Just follow the instructions and deadlines as weve written them. Please note that at this point the deadline to schedule an interview has passed. How can I contact the office if I must? You may comment on this entry, and well try to answer new questions over the next couple of days. You may also call us (617.253.3400) or email us (admissions [at] mit [dot] edu). The Office of Undergraduate Admissions is closed December 24th through 28th. Some of our staff will be working overtime to answer emails during this busy period, but there may be some delay due to the holidays, so please be patient. Looking forward to (re)considering your applications in January!

Essay about Evolution and Christianity - 1845 Words

The riddle of the origin of man has been subject to many ponderings and theories for thousands of years. In America, two theories concerning this timeless question have driven a spike through the general populace. These two beliefs, Evolution and Christianity, have driven a riff through the American populace and fueled several debates and conflicts over which is the truer theory. Incidents such as the decision of the Kansas school board to ban schools from including the Evolution Theory from their curriculum are becoming a tragically frequent and threaten to escalate if not checked soon. However, there is a growing belief in America today in the possibility of believing that evolution is an inescapable fact while still†¦show more content†¦Although this literal interpretation of the Bible does leave very little room for coexistence with evolutionary beliefs, practitioners of Theistic Evolution argue that several aspects of the Bible (or, more particularly, the Book of Genesi s) cannot be taken literally. The primary reason for this theory is that the Book of Genesis has a major flaw: it states that God did not make the sun until the Fourth Day. The sun determines time because the sun is visible during daytime and not visible at night. The Christian theologian Augustine first called this shocking detail to widespread attention in the fifth century. Augustine also went on to theorize that God made all things together, disposing them in an order based not on intervals of time but on causal connections. Both Augustine and modern practitioners of theistic evolution have pointed out that this minute flaw proves that time intervals in the Bible cannot be taken literally; which proves that Christianity and Evolution do not necessarily negate each other in regards to historical time spans. Augustine also pointed out the possibility that some things were made in fully developed form and others were made in potential form that developed over time to the condition in which they are seen today. Augustine may have been a Christian theologian of ancient times, but his opinions and viewpoints often coincide withShow MoreRelatedEvolution of Darwin and Christianity2002 Words   |  9 PagesEvolution of Darwin and christianity Since time immemorial man has always questioned the origins of life and himself . The answer to that question as there are three alternatives , namely the creation , transformation , or evolutionary biology . The definition of biological evolution varies from studied biological aspects . Some definitions are common in biology books , among others : the evolution of living things is the changes experienced by living beings slowly over a long time and loweredRead MoreThe Roman Empire : How The Evolution And Growth Of Roman Society Changed Christianity1494 Words   |  6 PagesHow the Evolution Growth of Roman Society Altered Christianity Rome was powerful, strong and had power over their people and they held on to it. Rome craved power along with control, eliminating any potential threats, no matter the size. Rome’s population was heavily influenced by its religion to control the population and to glorify the emperor. Rome developed Christianity in several big ways; the first being lowering women s status and influence within the Church. Once Christianity had beenRead MoreThe Conflict Between Religion And Science951 Words   |  4 Pagescompatible? This question is addressed in the debate that is written about in the book Science and Religion, Are they Compatible, by Daniel C. Dennett and Alvin Plantinga. Alvin Plantinga thoroughly debates the topic by covering the compatibility of Christianity and science. He continues his argument by stating the issue of naturalist and science harbor the conflict not the theism. Plantinga goes into detail how some scientific theories without the help of theism has conflict and should be considered falsifiableRead MoreA Look at Prominent Worldviews1349 Words   |  6 PagesChristians also emphasizes that it is only through Jesus for one to achieve salvation. This has been somewhat controversial recently just because Christianity is saying there is no other way where other religions say there are. One of the main characteristics of Christianity is that God is omnipotent and omnipresent. With this, critics of Christianity has been saying that if God is omnipotent, for example, that He could move a rock so big that even God cannot move. This is very stupid argument thoughRead MoreReconciling Darwins Theory of Natural Selection and Intelligent Design835 Words   |  4 Pagescomponent of evolution. Natural selection occurs when some members of a population are better fit for survival and reproduction than the others in that population (Phelan 284-85, 2011). The environment in which organisms live plays a part in natural selection as well. Depending on th e conditions of the environment, the organisms may pass down selected traits to their offspring. These selected traits will allow for the next generation to better adapt and survive longer. One example of evolution that hasRead MoreEssay on Sciene and Christianity512 Words   |  3 PagesSciene and Christianity Generally, science and Christianity are considered two contradictory views of the universe. Science symbolizes an evolutionary and naturalistic view of the universe from which God is (or at leastRead MoreReflection On The American Culture1384 Words   |  6 Pagesis more than 320 million people making it the most culturally diverse country in the globe. Books such as Crabgrass Frontier, Manifest Destination and Muscular Christianity are important sources of information about American culture. This paper is a reflection on the methods that these books use in providing information about the evolution of the US culture. The paper examines the relationship between these three sources and ways they challenge or inform an understanding of the American society duringRead MoreThe Controversial Theory Of Evolution1312 Words   |  6 PagesThe controversial theory of evolution has been prevalent in the minds of scientists, religious leaders, and those who follow since Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace first made the ideas officially known in 1858. The theory they proposed was that the universe and all organism s within it is constantly changing and adapting to the world around them since the beginning of time. Since Darwin’s and Wallace’s theories were shared, there has been constant disagreement and debate between the scienceRead MoreEvolution of Abrahamic Religions 1022 Words   |  5 PagesEvolution of Abrahamic Religions â€Å"Neither shall thy name any more be called Abram, but thy name shall be Abraham; for a father of many nations have I made thee.† Genesis 17:5. This is a direct excerpt from the king james Bible where God is renaming Abram to Abraham. Abraham became the father of many nations and to day three of the most popular religions that span many people groups and ethnicities can trace the roots of their beliefs back to Abraham. Three main religions sprouted from AbrahamicRead MoreEssay on Creationism vs. Evolution: How did it really happen?1163 Words   |  5 PagesCreationism vs. Evolution: How did it really happen? Ever since 1859 and the publication of On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin1, his first publication of his observations, much debate has come about concerning the issue of how life on earth came to be. Both the Creationists and Evolutionists believe in the Big Bang theory of creation of life; however, the mechanism for the development of new life provides the conflict. Evolutionists believe the cause of life on earth to be accidental

Medias Influece On Our Perception Essay - 661 Words

Many times people do not like to get out of their comfort zones and try new things. Many years ago Plato created an experiment which would not be possible to recreate; he wrote a story called the Allegory of the Cave. In Plato’s Allegory of the Cave prisoners are chained together facing a wall only to see the shadows created by the prison guard and only to hear the echoes of their own voices. One prisoner was let out of the cave to observe the reality and inform the other prisoners who were in the cave. When the prisoner described the reality to the others, they did not want to believe it and killed the experienced prisoner. Plato’s Allegory of the Cave describes the very nature of human beings. Plato argues that there is a flaw in how we†¦show more content†¦For example, people often believe that all Muslims are terrorists, or that all Christians are evangelical preachers. Neither of these beliefs are true, mater of fact, they are only stereotypes. We tend to believe what we see on the news or as previously stated in the movies. Today everyone believes in some kind of stereotype. Stereotypes are always used to portray a certain type of person, nationality or religion. For example, when people think of blondes they imagine a person who is incapable of understanding the slightest knowledge, or when one thinks of a person who is from Iraq they automatically imagine a Muslim terrorist that they have seen on the media. The media in our world today represents the fire that is in the Plato’s Allegory of the cave, which was used to cast shadows, illustrating the unrealistic images and stereotypes of items and people. In today’s world we need to break away from the â€Å"wall†, stereotypes and fight our way past the fire and out to the world to see things as they really are. We need to reeducate ourselves in order for us to see the reality. We need to learn to believe the reality about various ideas. We need to understand the different cultures around us and learn to accept them. We need to stop criticizing others for their religious beliefs. We also need to clean minds and learn the difference between stereotypes and reality so that we do not allow the stereotypes to drag us back to the wall and the ways of stereotypical

Whispered Samples of Analytical Essay Secrets

Whispered Samples of Analytical Essay Secrets The Good, the Bad and Samples of Analytical Essay On how to compose a crucial analysis paper, you ought to be in a position to express your opinions basing from experience. A crucial essay is intended to be informative, meaning all claims ought to be backed up by a credible evidence instead of simply stated because it strikes the author's fancy. In summary, process analysis essay should be precise and clear. Downloading an analytical essay example isn't a fraud, which means you don't need to worry which you're cheating. The Appeal of Samples of Analytical Essay If you wish to write college essays without difficulty, you should definitely know how to compose an analysis essay, as it's the foundation for completing all kinds of different assignments. Students must bear in mind 3 main differences. They have to write essays depending on the teacher's instructions or their desired style in writing. Alas, several of the students lack necessary abilities and fail in writing. The introduction usually starts out with some kind of background info. The post has mainly employed the illustration of recipe so the sample essay is going to be of a recipe too. You may use quotes or paraphrase portions of the text in order to add evidence. There are special words and word combination utilized for analytical purposes which ought to be learned too. As an issue of fact, a rhetorical essay is really straightforward. Finish your introduction with a thesis statement, which ought to contain the major objective of the entire essay. Write a great thesis statement and make certain that it is centered on the primary idea of the entire paper. Your thesis statement should have the ability to effectively summarize the claim you want to make. All About Samples of Analytical Essay If you opt to search for a rhetorical paper on the internet, you will certainly find several rhetorical analysis essay examples, as it's quite a favo rite hack, a lot of the students use. Academic papers can't contain any signals of plagiarism. There's no ideal solution on how best to compose an effective essay. The very first thing you ought to bear in mind when completing your essay is that you want to start it using a rhetorical analysis outline. Samples of Analytical Essay - Dead or Alive? Generally speaking, the correct choice of essay topic has an important part in overall writing success. When you have decided about this issue and the thesis you will write about, you've got to formulate a captivating title. An analytical essay isn't just any bit of writing nor merely an easy article full of personal opinions but rather, for it to be somewhat powerful and a good one, it must be more of a fair reaction to a question. Writing a critical essay gives us the opportunity to take a look at things from a different standpoint. The Upside to Samples of Analytical Essay You always have to learn the value of editing and choo sing only the best ideas that ought to be included inside your piece. Naturally, there are various variables at work here, and I don't actually have the room to delve into a thorough discussion of all of the relevant trade-offs. It's definitely important to reread the literary piece several times in order to find a complete grasp of the many thoughts and concepts. Criticizing a slice of work doesn't signify which you are personally attacking its creator. The argument is your private reply to the subject and line of reasoning depending on the analysis. There's no overall pattern of the way to compose a literary analysis, as it greatly depends upon the part of work you will need to go over. The objective of your introduction is to have the reader interested in your analysis. There's no particular style for the introduction, but background information is easily the most common technique of approach. The Debate Over Samples of Analytical Essay There are various types of essays that I would assume most of you are already familiarized with. There's an endless number of different essay topics which can be analyzed. You may be interested in high school essay examples. From time to time, even the best students discover that it's problematic to compose an outstanding analytical essay because an analytical essay should not simply contain information on the topic matter but in addition significant analysis of selected issues. What's more, you are able to also take a look at our Essay Outline Templates, which will be able to help you structure your essays. Analysis essays are known to be among the hardest to write. They are your best friends. Based on this issue, each essay will be different dependent on the depth of the thesis. Nowadays it is extremely difficult to locate a trustworthy essay writing service. Writing an essay is a critical role in academe life. Therefore, an analytical essay is a bit of writing that gives an informative observation about the particular topic or idea. To compose an impressive short essay, especially during an examination, you have to be in a position to hit the question and give a straightforward answer while at the exact same time observing the proper structure of an essay. The topic you opt to select for your analytical essay will ascertain the facts and details you want to include. In conclusion, an analytical essay is an essay meant to elaborate more than that which the readers or viewers of a particular piece might actually see. Apparently, writing an essay on this issue of marijuana is too general. The Little-Known Secrets to Samples of Analytical Essay You could also see concept essay. Whenever your analytical essay is all typed up, they will be able to help you make certain it's as excellent as it can get. Try to remember it is not a narrative essay, rather an essay that's aimed toward analyzing the subject. You might also see compartive essay. The very first essay is a short analysis. You can also see self-introduction essay. An analysis essay is a type of persuasive essay.

Commercial Application of Company Law

Question: Discuss about the Commercial Application of Company Law. Answer: Introduction: The facts that have been provided in this questions suggest the need for deciding the issue if in this case, a valid and enforceable contract has been created between Richard and his father. For this purpose it has to be considered it both the parties had the intention of creating a legal relationship when Richard's father made a promise that they will pay $200 per week if Richard mowed the lawns and took care of the family property. For this purpose, Richard's father had been giving $350 to a garden contractor. Later on he refused to pay $200 to Richard and said that as a member of the family, it is the responsibility of Richard to take care of the property. In order to claim that a valid and enforceable contract has been formed by the parties, there are some elements that have to be present in the agreement. Among these elements, it is required that (i) offer; (ii) acceptance; and (iii) consideration should be present in the agreement. Apart from these, it is also required that it should be the intention of the parties that the promise made by them could be enforced under the law. The purpose behind the requirement of the intention of the parties to create a legal relationship has been introduced by the contract law so that the cases in which any action by the court should not be taken, can be sifted out. It is not every agreement made between the parties that can be enforced by the courts. Therefore, if it has been decided by two friends that they will meet other local pub on a Saturday night, although there is a moral duty according to which the friends should honor the agreement but this progress cannot be enforced by the law. The re ason is that there is no legal duty present in this case. In case of the promises made in the routine life, there are a number of instances when it is not the intention of the parties that they will be legally bound by the promise and in this regard, the law also reflects the will of the parties (Hanrahan, 2010). The result is that for deciding if a particular agreement is enforceable under the law and in case of the agreement, if it is the intention of the parties to enter into legal relations, a difference is recognized between social/domestic agreements and commercial agreements (Khoury and Yamouni, 2010). A famous case related with this issue is that of Jones v Padavatton (1969). By deciding the case, the court followed the decision given in Belfour v Belfour (1919) in which it was stated that even if the domestic arrangement is of a very complex nature, still a presumption is present according to which, the parties did not have the intention of entering a legal relationship unless a clear intention to the contrary has been established. For example in this case, Mrs. Jones made an offer to her daughter, Mrs. Padavatton that she will pay the daughter $200 per month if she left her job in the US and proceeded to London to study at the bar. The daughter had a very good job in Washington and therefore in the beginning she was not very enthusiastic about the offer but later on, her mother persuaded her to go to London. The mother wanted the daughter to join her as a lawyer in Trinidad after completing the study. But this arrangement would not work properly because while the daughter believ ed that the mother was talking about US dollars, it was the intention of the mother to pay 200 Trinidad dollars which were only half of the US dollars. In this amount, the daughter could hardly manage to rent a single room and live with her son in it. Under these circumstances, the mother agreed to purchase a house for the daughter. She purchased a large house so that the daughter can rent the rest of the rooms and use this money for her maintenance. After some time the daughter married and she also failed to complete her studies. Therefore the mother wanted to take possession of the house. The matter went before the court and the court was required to decide if the contract was legally enforceable or if it was only a family arrangement and the parties did not have the intention of creating legal relations. The court arrived that the decision that this was merely a domestic arrangement and as a result, a presumption is presented according to which the parties did not have the intent ion of creating legal relationship. At the same time, the court noted that evidence had not been presented to rebut this presumption. On the basis of the legal rules mentioned above, in this case also, Richard's father had made a promise that he will pay $200 per week if Richard mowed the lawns and took care of the gardens. For this purpose, the father had been paying $350 to the garden contractor. But after some time, Richard's father refused to pay this amount. He also stated that as a member of the family, this work should be done by Richard for free. He also mentioned that Richard had been getting free boarding and lodging in the house. Under these circumstances, it can be said that as this was a family arrangement, a presumption is present that the father and son did not have the intention of creating legal relationship. At the same time, there is no evidence to rebut this presumption. Therefore, Richard cannot enforce the promise made by his father in a court of law. In this question, it has to be decided if any remedies are available to Frere Bros as Joe had committed a breach of contract. The law contract it provides that when a party to the contract has failed to keep its promise under the agreement or had not fulfilled the responsibilities that were imposed on such a party under the contract, there is a breach of contract by such a party. Such a breach of contract can take place in whole or in part. Therefore the law provides that if one party has breached the contract, the other party has been provided with certain remedies (Lambris, 2010). Some of the main remedies that can be availed by the innocent party in case of a breach of contract by the other party are the remedy of damages, specific performance and injunction. The remedy of damages is the most common remedy used in case of a breach of contract. According to the contract law, the damages that are awarded in such a case are the losses or the costs incurred by a party as a result of the wrongful acts of the other party. In this way, damages can be described as the payment that has to be paid for breach of contract under the common law (Addis v Gramophone, 1909). The remedy of damages has been made available to the innocent party so that financial compensation can be provided to such a party for the loss incurred by it as a result of the breach of contract. Therefore, damages are mainly awarded by the court with a view to protect the expectation interests of the promisee and at the same time, to ensure performance by the promisor. Contact the remedies can also be awarded when a breach of contract has taken place. Therefore when there is a breach of contract, the other party may have to suffer a loss. Contractual damages not awarded as a punish ment to the party for the failure to perform its obligations under the contract. Similarly, the courts do not look into the paying capacity of the defendant while the issue of the amount of damages is considered by them. Therefore, the amount of damages can be based on the difference that exists between the contract price and the cost that will have to be incurred by the other party for performing the contract. In this regard, the next remedy that is available to a party, for breach of contract is the remedy of specific performance. In some cases, the remedy of specific performance is very significant. In case of the remedy of specific performance, another is made by the court which requires the defendant to perform the act, for which it was bound to do under the contract (Nutbrown v Thornton, 1805). Usually the remedy of specific performance is provided by a judicial order which requires that the party to the contract is required to do something or should not do something. In this way, the order of specific performance is generally made for establishing a transaction that has already been established earlier. Specific performance has proved to be most effective when it is granted for the purpose of protecting the expectation interests of the other party when a breach of contract has taken place. However, before providing an order of specific performance, it is important that the court considers if the innocent party could be provided adequate relief by way of the remedy of damages. Consequently, when adequate relief can be provided by an order of damages, the court will not grant the remedy of specific performance. Likewise, the remedy of specific performance will be refused by the court if the contractual terms are not mentioned clearly. The court will also refuse to make anoth er of specific performance if such an order will create unusual hardships for the defendant. In this context, the law provides a discretion of the court according to which, it may refuse to make an order of damages when such a remedy will not be able to adequately compensate the other party, for example when subject matter of the contract is unique in nature. Therefore, for dealing with this type of cases, the remedy of specific performance can be used by the courts. Another remedy that can be granted by the coding these are for breach of contract is the remedy of an injunction. In context of a breach of contract, the injunction is in order that has been made by a court in which provides that a party to the contract is refrained from doing something. In the same way, the injunction order may also prevent the happening of something in future (Seddon and Ellinghas, 2008). There are several different types of injunctions that can be granted by the court. These include the interlocutory injunction and the mandatory injunction. The interlocutory injunction is granted by the court with a view to maintain the subject matter of the contract during the litigation. Likewise, when the mandatory injunction is granted by the court, a party to the contract is required to do something under the contract (McGlone and Stickley, 2013). In this case, Joe has breached the term of the contract according to which he was prevented from acting in the film of any other company. But this term was breached by Joe and he decided to work in a film of another company. As a result, in this case also a breach of contract has been committed by Joe. As a result, the remedies that are available for the breach of contract by the other parties are available to Frere Bros. Moreover, in some cases, adequate relief may not be provided by the remedy of damages. Therefore in this case, the court may make an order of injunction restraining Joe from acting in the film of another party. Hence, it can be said that in this case, the most appropriate remedy available to Frere Bros will be an injunction which restrains Joe from acting in the film being made by the other party. References Hanrahan, P., 2010. Commercial Application of Company Law, Australia: CCH. Khoury, D., Yamouni, Y., 2010. Understanding Contract Law, 10th ed. Australia: LexisNexis Lambris, M., 2010, First Principles of Business Law, Australia: CCH. McGlone F. and Stickley A., 2013 Australian Torts Law. 3rd ed. Chatswood: LexisNexis Butterworths Seddon. N.C. and Ellinghas, M.P., 2008. Cheshire and Fifoots Law of Contract (Australia) 27th ed. Butterworths Addis v Gramophone[1909] AC 488 Balfour v Balfour [1919] 2 KB 571 Jones v Padavatton [1969] 1 WLR 328 Lumley v Wagner (1852) 42 ER 687 Nutbrown v Thornton (1805) 10 Ves 159.

An informational speech on Gatorade.

An informational speech on Gatorade. Water will not replace all the ingredients of sweat. Tonight I will inform you about Gatorade and the benefits of drinking it while exercising. You're probably asking yourself "Why should I care about Gatorade while exercising?" and the answer to that is dehydration. Dehydration is defined as the excessive loss of body fluid. First I will give you a history of Gatorade, 2nd I will tell you what Gatorade is, then I will explain how Gatorade works, and finally I will compare Gatorade against other sports drinks on the market.Deep in Florida Gator country dehydration was a major problem. The University started to research on an "alternative to water" and Gatorade was created by Dr. Robert Cade and Dr. Dana Shires in 1966 at the University of Florida and named Gatorade after the University's football team, the gators. A year later after Dr. Cade made an agreement with Stokely-Van Camp to market Gatorade, which he already patented.GatoradeThe Florida Gators used it in 1967 for the first t ime. It was also the first time they won the Orange Bowl title beating Georgia Tech. During an interview with the Georgia Tech head coach a reporter asked why they lost. The head coach replied "Because we did not have Gatorade on our sidelines." In 1969 the Kansas City Chiefs used the sports drink an attribute their Super Bowl victory that year to Gatorade. Only one year after its commercial introduction, Gatorade reformulated its recipe due to the Food and Drug Administration banned Sodium Cyclamate, which is a sweetener, according to Gatorade.com, last accessed on October 9, 2005. The Quaker Oats company bought Stokely Van-Camp in 1983 and licensed marketing rights to Pepsi co. until 2001 when Pepsi Co. bought the Quaker Oats Company, according to wikipedia.com, last accessed on October...

Idioms and Expressions in Context

Idioms and Expressions in Context Its important to learn and use idioms and expressions in context. Of course, idioms are not always easy to understand. There are idiom and expression resources that can help with definitions, but reading them in short stories can also provide context that makes them come more alive. Try reading the story one time to understand the gist without using the idiom definitions. On your second reading, use the definitions to help you understand the text while learning new idioms. After you understand the story, take the quiz at the end of each reading to test your knowledge. Teachers can print out these short stories and use in class in combination with teaching ideas provided at the end of this resource list. Idioms and Expressions in Context Stories Johns Keys to SuccessA story about a man was an accomplished businessman and happily gives advice to young people he mentors. Odd Man OutA story about a man who gossiped a little too much at parties making him the odd man out anytime he joined the fun. Young and FreeA short story about what it takes to be successful in a small company. Its good preparation for young adult English learners who are college age. My Successful FriendHere is a story about a mans friend who has had a very successful career. The Road to SuccessHere is a short essay on how to succeed in todays difficult economic environment. It makes good reading for business English classes. For Teachers Use these idioms in context stories with your advanced-level classes to provide context for learning common idioms in English. Each short story of two to three paragraphs provides approximately 15 idioms. These idioms are then defined following the story followed by a short quiz testing a number of idioms from the selection. Following this introduction to the idioms in context, you can practice use of the idioms in a number of ways. Here are a few ideas: Ask students to write their own short stories using the idioms in context.Have students write dialogues using the idioms to act out in class.Group students together to create their own gap fill quizzes for other groups.Write up questions using the idioms presented and discuss as a class or in groups.Make up situations that fit each idiom on-the-fly and ask students to choose the idiom that fits best. Learning Idioms in Context   You might wonder how you can recognize an idiom when you are reading a book, online or perhaps watching TV. Here are a few tips on how you can spot an idiom: Idioms dont actually mean what they say. Thats right, the actual meaning of the words dont necessarily indicate the meaning of the idiom. Lets take a look at a few: Remember my son, the early bird catches the worm.   This idiom means that its important to get up and get to work in order to succeed in life. Of course, early birds probably catch worms as well! However, the meaning has nothing to little to do with the words.   Idioms can seem out of context. You can be sure youve spotted an idiom if you notice that the words have little to do with the context. For example, lets imagine that youre in a business meeting. Someone says: Well, itll be smooth sailing after this quarter. If youre in a business meeting, you dont expect to be talking about sailing on the open sea. This is an example of something out of context. It doesnt fit in. Thats a sure sign that it might be an idiom.   Idioms are often phrasal verbs. Phrasal verbs can be literal or figurative. Literal means that the words mean exactly what they say. For example: I picked up the bag. In this case. pick up is literal. Phrasal verbs, can also be figurative pick up also means to learn: She picked up some Spanish in Madrid.   Idioms are often figurative phrasal verbs as well. Use these queues and youll start recognizing idioms in context everywhere you look and listen.

Total quality management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Total quality management - Essay Example In such a setup, all members of the organisations are trained and motivated to work towards improving processes, products and services offered by the organisation and based on the cultivation of a positive culture (Bagad, 2008, p.31). Oman Air is one of the leading airline companies in the Oman that have continued to grow and advance due to its great customer service focus and market centrality. The company currently operates large flights of planes plying different routes across the globe and offering unique and admirable services to the customers. The admirable service delivery approach has been attributed to the company’s adoption of a proper TQM that seeks to improve its customer relations and increase overall customer satisfaction (Flynn, 2011, p13). According to this introduction, the essay is organised as the following: First, it will critically evaluate the perception of Leadership role in quality management at Oman airline and how it can differ from one context to another. Second, it will highlight the different models for delivering good total quality management. After that, it will attempt to explore the role of teamwork, Customer satisfaction, Culture of improvement and risk management in total quality management of that will lead to better applications in total quality management in all organisations contexts. Finally, it will sum up the main points. The success of quality management in an organisation depends on the leadership approach adopted by the management and this approach is communicated to the other employees in the organisation. Leadership plays an essential management role in the implementation of TQM in any organisation due to the two benefits that it confers. Through leadership, Oman Air has enhanced its ability to mould its philosophy and principles within the various departments, which serves to improve the

Compare and contrast the difference between a psychotherapy threatment Literature review

Compare and contrast the difference between a psychotherapy threatment and religion - Literature review Example However, the psychotherapy treatment intervention is highly based on the psychologist’s dealing with the clients by stating them their level of independent competencies required for coping. Moreover, psychotherapy treatment involves various theoretical methods as well as the behavioural assessments of the patients. Nevertheless, in religious therapy, intervention plan is highly dependent upon the patient’s willingness to cope with health disparities, difficulties, and sacrifice (DeRubeis & et. al., 2008). Correspondingly, the approach of psychotherapy treatment mechanism is regarded as the process, which works on developing interpersonal interventions to mitigate the mental health problems of the patient. Besides, the approach of the treatment helps to develop the social well-being of the client in the most effective and rapid manner and reduce the discomfort that they face. Moreover, during the course of treatment, practitioners utilise various techniques, which is based on enriching the relationship as well as the communication and changing the behaviour that will likely contribute to improve the mental state of the patient. Similarly, intervention of the therapy is highly based on the problem of the patient, as some of the therapy highly focuses on changing their current behaviour whereas, other mechanisms emphasise over determining the previous issues and resolving the existing problems. Nevertheless, the approach of psychotherapy treatment undertakes mental health issues includi ng bulimia, depression, anger management, anxiety, phobias and chronic pain among others (Ritchey & et. al., 2011; Combs & Romm, n.d.). Apparently, the means of religion therapy treatment also plays an integral role to eradicate the issue of patient conditions and prove to be effective as a form of therapy. It is in this context that the means of

Basic Concept Of Coordination Compounds Biology Essay

Basic Concept Of Coordination Compounds Biology Essay We live in the world of uncertainty and assumptions, no one can predict the next activity, it may be good or bad but thing is how to tackle bad things? Chemistry is the most power full tool to understand the world at almost every scale may be huge or femtometer scale. Chemistry is closely associated with humans day to day life , it application in medicine is major one. Medicine is the life living entity which play vital role in ones life , but how medicines are made? What are their chemical properties and how they affect our body? Let us study the application of chemistry(co-ordination compounds) in medicinesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Basic concept of co-ordination compoundsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The coordination chemistry was discovered by Nobel Prize winner Alfred Werner (1866-1919). He received the Nobel Prize in 1913 for his coordination theory of transition metal-amine complexes. In the starting of the 20th century, inorganic chemistry was not a prominent field until Werner studied the metal-amine complexes such as [Co (NH3)6Cl3]. He further studied the coordination compound of cobalt and ammonia and discovered its different properties. He studied different colors and no. of Cl atoms attached to the compounds and on that basis he proposed a table- Solid Color Ionized Cl- Complex formula CoCl36NH3 Yellow 3 [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 CoCl35NH3 Purple 2 [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 CoCl34NH3 Green 1 trans-[Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl CoCl34NH3 Violet 1 cis-[Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl The structures of the complexes were proposed based on a coordination sphere of 6. The 6 ligands can be amonia molecules or chloride ions. Two different structures were proposed for the last two compounds, the trans compound has two chloride ions on opposit vertices of an octahedral, whereas the the two chloride ions are adjacent to each other in the cis compound. The cis and trans compounds are known as geometric isomers. Other cobalt complexes studied by Werner are also interesting. It has been predicted that the complex Co(NH2CH2CH2NH2)2ClNH3]2+ should exist in two forms, which are mirror images of each other. Werner isolated solids of the two forms, and structural studies confirmed his interpretations. The ligand NH2CH2CH2NH2 is ethylenediamine (en) often represented by en. Basically coordination compound consists of two parts Central metal ion Ligands both metal ion and ligands lie inside or outside the coordination sphere, coordination sphere is represented by square brackets for example [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 here Co is the metal ion and NH3,Cl3 are the ligands , one lie inside and the second one is outside. Contain coordinate covalent bonds 4) Unusual composition: Central metal ion or atom + ligands + counter ion (if needed) 5) Called complex ion if charged For an instantÆ’Â   Basic concept of medicines and how they are discovered Drug discovery is very time -consuming and expensive process. Estimates of the average time required to bring a drug to a market ranges from 12-15 years at an average cost of $600-800 million. For approximation every 10,000 compounds are evaluated in animal studied , 10 will make it to humans clinical trials in order to get 1 compound on the market ! for every drug introduction we need approval for that and once the new drug application (NDA) is submitted to the Food and Drug Administration(FDA) , it can be several months to several years before it is approved for commercial use. Then study is done and the result are considered and if the results are found are same with the drug that is already in the market then the whole project is rejected ! so the discovery of new medicine is very costly , that is why medicines costs high when bought. In general medicines are never discovered , what is more likely discovered is called lead compound. The lead compound is prototype compound that has a number of attractive characteristics , such as the desired biological but may have many undesired characteristics for example high toxicity ,other biological activities, absorption difficulty ,insolubility or metabolism problems , so considering all these things further modified compound is formed which is called clinical drug ,which is ready for many clinical researches. The drug discovered without lead are called penicillins ! How does a medicine works on human body? The quest for knowledge to established how the drug act in a living system has been a thought provoking topic to scientist belonging to various disciplines such as medicinal chemistry, biochemistry and pharmacology. Factors affecting the drugs to reach the active sites Absorption-biological membrane play a vital role towards the absorption of a drug molecule. Soon after drug is taken orally ,it makes the way through the gastrointestinal tract, cross the various membranes and finally reaches the active site. It has been observed that drug moves from a region of high drug concentration to low drug concentration. However the rate of diffusion solely depends upon the magnitude of the concentration gradient (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  C). across the biological membrane. Rate = -k{C(abs) C(bl)}, c(bl) is concentration present in blood and C(abs) is the concentration of drug at active site. Distribution As soon as drug finds its way into the blood stream, it tries to approach the site of biological action. Hence , the distribution of a drug is markedly influenced by such vital factor as tissue distribution and membrane penetration ,which largely depends on the physio-chemical characteristics of the drug. Metabolism (biotransformation)-when a drug molecule gets converted into the body to an altogether different form, the phenomenon is called biotransformation. Mostly the metabolism occurs in the liver. The metabolism products are more polar than the parent drug. Inside liver ,in metabolism two important reactions take Change in the functional groupeg. The side chain or ring hydroxylation reduction of nitrogroup. Conjugationthe drug substance undergoes conjugation whereby the metabolized product combines with various solubilizing groups. Excretion this is also very important process and may be done with the help of a number of process ,namely renal excretion, biliary excretion , excretion through lungs and above all by drug metabolism(biotransformation). COMMON TYPES OF MEDICINES USED IN DAILY LIFE Some of the medicines which we use in daily life are:Æ’Â   CISPLATINtreatment of cancer Paracetamol -reduces body temp. Aspirin reduces pain Local anesthetic 1 )Cisplatin :- Cisplatin is a chemotherapy drug which is used to treat cancers including: sarcoma, small cell lung cancer, germ cell tumors, lymphoma, and ovarian cancer. While it is often considered an alkylating agent, it contains no alkyls groups and does not instigate alkylating reactions, so it is properly designated as an alkylating-like drug. Cisplatin is platinum-based and was the first medicine developed in that drug class. Other drugs in this class include carboplatin, a drug with fewer and less severe side effects introduced in the 1980s, and oxaliplatin, a drug which is part of the FOLFOX treatment for colorectal cancer. The other names for cisplatin are DDP, cisplatinum, and cis-diamminedichloridoplatinum(II) (CDDP). Cisplatin was actually first created in the mid 19th Century and is also known as Peyrones chloride. (The disoverer was Michel Peyrone.) It wasnt until the 1960s that scientists started getting interested in its biological effects, and cisplatin went ito clinical trials for cancer therapy in 1971. By the late 1970s it was already widely used and is still used today despite the many newer chemotherapy drugs developed over the past decades. Structure of cisplatin:- Structure of cisplatin is tetrahydral (sp3) in shape. Here one atom of platinum is bound to 2 chlorine atoms and 2 ammonia atoms. Working mechanism of cisplatin:- The way that cisplatin operates is by forming a platinum complex inside of a cell which binds to DNA and cross-links DNA. When DNA is cross-linked in this manner, it causes the cells to undergo apoptosis, or systematic cell death. One of the methods it uses causes apoptosis through cross-linking is by damaging the DNA so that the repair mechanisms for DNA are activated, and once the repair mechanisms are activated and the cells are found to not be salvageable, the death of those cells is triggered instead. Cisplatin undergoes aquation to form [Pt(NH3)2Cl(OH2)]+ and [Pt(NH3)2(OH2)2]2+ once inside the cell. The platinum atom of cisplatin binds covalently to the N7 position of purines to form 1,2- or 1,3-intrastrand crosslinks, and interstrand crosslinks. Cisplatin-DNA adducts cause various cellular responses, such as replication arrest, transcription inhibition, cell-cycle arrest, DNA repair and apoptosis. 2 ParacetamolÆ’Â   Paracetamol is commonly used for relief in headache , and other minor pain and aches. It also serve as major ingredient in cold and flu remedies in collaboration with opioid analgesics, it can also be used in management of several major disease such as cancer. Structure of paracetamolÆ’Â   In some publications, it is described as 4-hydroxyacetanilide or N-acetyl-p-aminophenol and in the US Pharmacopoeia it is known as acetaminophen. Paracetamol is a white, odourless crystalline powder with a bitter taste, soluble in 70 parts of water (1 in 20 boiling water), 7 parts of alcohol (95%), 13 parts of acetone, 40 parts of glycerol, 9 parts of propylene glycol, 50 parts of chloroform, or 10 parts of methyl alcohol. It is also soluble in solutions of alkali hydroxides. It is insoluble in benzene and ether. A saturated aqueous solution has a pH of about 6 and is stable (half-life over 20 years) but stability decreases in acid or alkaline conditions, the paracetamol being slowly broken down into acetic acid and p-aminophenol. Mixtures of paracetamol and aspirin are stable in dry conditions, but tablets containing these two ingredients, particularly in the presence of moisture, magnesium stearate, or codeine, produce some diacetyl-p- aminophenol when stored at room temperature, and this latter compound is hydrolyzed in the presence of moisture to paracetamol and p-aminophenol. Mechanism of workingÆ’Â   Over 100 years after it was first discovered, we are now learning what the mechanism of action is that makes paracetamol such an effective and useful medicine. It now appears paracetamol has a highly targeted action in the brain, blocking an enzyme involved in the transmission of pain. As with many medicines, the effectiveness of paracetamol was discovered without knowing how it works. Its mode of action was known to be different to other pain relievers, but although it produces pain relief throughout the body the exact mechanism was not clear. The production of prostaglandins is part of the bodys inflammatory response to injury, and inhibition of prostaglandin production around the body by blocking the cyclooxygenase enzymes known as COX-1 and COX-2 has long been known to be the mechanism of action of aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen. However, their action in blocking COX-1 is known to be responsible for also causing the unwanted gastrointestinal side effects associated with these drugs. Paracetamol has no significant action on COX-1 and COX-2, which left its mode of action a mystery but did explain its lack of anti-inflammatory action and also, more importantly, its freedom from gastrointestinal side effects typical of NSAIDs. Early work (1) had suggested that the fever reducing action of paracetamol was due to activity in the brain while its lack of any clinically useful anti-inflammatory action was consistent with a lack of prostaglandin inhibition peripherally in the body. Now, recent research (2) has shown the presence of a new, previously unknown cyclooxygenase enzyme COX-3, found in the brain and spinal cord, which is selectively inhibited by paracetamol, and is distinct from the two already known cyclooxygenase enzymes COX-1 and COX-2. It is now believed that this selective inhibition of the enzyme COX-3 in the brain and spinal cord explains the effectiveness of paracetamol in relieving pain and reducing fever without having unwanted gastrointestinal side effects. 3 Aspirin In 1897 Flex Hoffman a German chemist employed by bayer and company was researching on the arthritic pain of his father ,then he began his study on the acetalsalicyclic acid and discovered a stable compound which was further refined to Aspirin ! Acetylsalicylic acid, marketed everywhere as Aspirin (USAN), is a salicylate drug mostly used as an antipyretic to reduce fever, as an anti-inflammatory medication to reduce swelling, and as an analgesic to alleviate minor pains and aches. To wit, aspirin is often used to relieve mild to moderate pain and to reduce fever from typical maladies such as headaches, toothaches, muscle aches, and the common cold. This medication may also be used to reduce arthritic swelling and pain as well. This salicytate drug is classified as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug or NSAID, and it works by blocking a certain natural substance in your body to reduce inflammation and throbbing aches. Structure of AspirinÆ’Â   Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid, has a chemical formula of C9H8O4. Working mechanism of aspirin:- Many kinds of prostaglandin exist in the body to serve a plethora of physiological functions, some of which are irritable, others beneficial.   Prostaglandins are among the chemicals secreted by the bodys immune system when it fights off bacteria and other invaders in injuries.   Located around wounds , these chemicals cause pain and inflammation.   Following bacterial infection, prostaglandins are also produced the hypothalamus, the brains center for controlling body temperature, resulting in a rise in temperature.   In their capacities to cause pain, inflammation, and fever, prostaglandins are nuisances.   Inhibiting their production, consequently reducing pain, inflammation, and fever, is the main therapeutic value of aspirin. On the other hand, prostaglandins secreted by the stomach regulate acid production and maintain the mucus lining that protects the stomach from digesting itself.   Prostaglandins in the bloods platelets cause the platelets to stick together to initiate blood clotting in wounds.   In these capacities, prostaglandins are crucial to a healthy body.   Inhibiting their production leads to aspirins undesirable side effects, including upset stomach and excessive bleeding.   How does aspirin curb prostaglandin production?   The many kinds of prostaglandin are synthesized by a host of complicated biochemical pathways.   However, all pathways share a common stage facilitated by an enzyme called COX, whose action aspirin suppresses.  Ã‚   Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being themselves used up in the reactions.   An enzyme is a huge molecule with an active area that works somehow like a mold that accepts certain raw pieces and casts them into a final form.   Imagine a mold that stamps a rod and a bowl into a spoon.   Spoon production would be disrupted if someone throws a monkey range into the mold.   Such a monkey range an enzyme inhibitor would make a desirable drug if it stops an enzyme from producing disease-inducing chemicals.   Aspirin is an enzyme inhibitor.   It suppresses the action of the enzyme COX, stops the production of prostaglandin, thus disrupting the pathways to pain, inflammation, elevated temperature, and stomach protection.   Vanes success attracted many researchers to the area.   Their investigations spread from aspirin to similar drugs that suppress pain and inflammation.   By 1974, it was fairly well established that all NSAIDs act with similar mechanisms.   They are all COX inhibitors. Aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and many other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) work as COX inhibitors.   They suppress the catalytic functions of the enzymes COX1 and COX2.   COX2, which appears up injuries and other inflammatory stimuli, is deemed bad.   It catalyzes the synthesis of prostaglandins that, located near sites of injuries, cause pain and inflammation.   Inhibition of COX2 is responsible for the therapeutic effects of reducing pain, inflammation, and fever.   COX1, which is present in many parts of the body, is deemed good.   It catalyzes the synthesis of prostaglandins that perform many physiological functions, e.g., maintaining the mucus lining of the stomach or causing platelets in the blood to stick and form clots over wounds.   Inhibition of COX1 is responsible for the drugs side effect of stomach irritation.   In reducing the risk of blood clots, it is also responsible for aspirins efficacy in heart attack prevention.   A new class of NSAID, COX2 inhibitor, is designed to target bad COX2 selectively and leave good COX1 alone, thus reducing pain and inflammation without upsetting the stomach. 4-local anestheticÆ’Â   Cocaine is a naturally occurring compound indigenous to the AndesMountains, West Indies, and Java. It was the first anesthetic to be discovered and is the only naturally occurring local anesthetic; all others are synthetically derived. Cocaine  was introduced into Europe in the 1800s following its isolation from coca beans. Sigmund Freud, the noted Austrian psychoanalyst, used cocaine on his patients and became addicted through self-experimentation. In the latter half of the 1800s, interest in the drug became widespread, and many of cocaines pharmacologic actions and adverse effects were elucidated during this time. In the 1880s, Koller introduced cocaine to the field of ophthalmology, and Hall introduced it to dentistry. Halsted was the first to report the use of cocaine for nerve blocks in the United States in 1885 and also became addicted to the drug through self-experimentation. Procaine, the first synthetic derivative of cocaine, was developed in 1904. Lofgren later developed lidocaine, the most widely used cocaine derivative, during World War II in 1943. Chemical structureÆ’Â   All local anesthetics have an intermediate chain linking an amine on one end to an aromatic ring on the other. The amine end is hydrophilic, and the aromatic end is lipophilic. Variation of the amine or aromatic ends changes the chemical activity of the drug. Two basic classes of local anesthetics exist, the amino amides and the amino esters. Amino amides have an amide link between the intermediate chain and the aromatic end, whereas amino esters have an ester link between the intermediate chain and the aromatic end. Amino esters and amino amides differ in several respects. Amino esters are metabolized in the plasma via pseudocholinesterases, whereas amino amides are metabolized in the liver. Amino esters are unstable in solution, but amino amides are very stable in solution. Amino esters are much more likely than amino amides to cause  allergic hypersensitivity reactions. Commonly used amino amides include lidocaine, mepivacaine, prilocaine, bupivacaine, etidocaine, and ropivacaine and levobupivacaine. Commonly used amino esters include cocaine, procaine, tetracaine,  chloroprocaine,  and benzocaine. An easy way to remember which drug belongs in which category is that all of the amino amides contain the letter i twice, as does the term amino amides. The newest additions to clinically available local anesthetics, namely ropivacaine and levobupivacaine, represent exploitation of the S enantiomer of these chemicals to create anesthetics which are less toxic, more potent, and longer acting. WORKINGÆ’Â   Local anesthetics produce anesthesia by inhibiting excitation of nerve endings or by blocking conduction in peripheral nerves. This is achieved by anesthetics reversibly binding to and inactivating sodium channels. Sodium influx through these channels is necessary for the depolarization of nerve cell membranes and subsequent propagation of impulses along the course of the nerve. When a nerve loses depolarization and capacity to propagate an impulse, the individual loses sensation in the area supplied by the nerve.   The order of affinity of local anesthetics for different sodium channel states is open is better than inactivated, which is better than resting.  Thus, the  open state of the sodium channel is the primary target of local anesthetic molecules.  The blocking of propagated action potentials is therefore a function of the frequency of depolarization. The mechanism for differential block, the block of pain perception without motor block, is  still unclear.   *

Ambiguities in the Textual Body of The Castle of Otranto Essay

Incongruous Corpus: Ambiguities in the Textual Body of The Castle of Otranto While the relationship of the Gothic to the Romantic is debatable, the persistent desire of some critics to see it as pre-Romantic should not disguise the possibility that the genre is â€Å"actually sending out very contradictory impulses about its own intentions, [and] adopting certain strategies that thwart the very perceptions it seems to be on the brink of achieving† (Napier, 4). This uncertainty in form and intent has produced imprecision and imbalances in Gothic novels that are partly the result of instability within the Gothic form. Although the Gothic achieves stability by repeating a certain pattern of accepted conventions, leading to remarkable coherence in the â€Å"routine likeness of one romance to another† (Napier, 4), one must be mindful that the Gothic is â€Å"formally and stylistically marked by disequilibrium† (Napier, 4). The imbalance, dissolution, and formal unevenness of the Gothic genre, which some scholars claim are recurrent issues with in the genre, are found as early as the first Gothic novel in The Castle of Otranto. Their existence in Otranto suggests the profound uncertainty Walpole had about the intent of the genre as he perceived it and hints at the immense task the author faced in establishing a new genre that required the â€Å"difficult and uneven breaking away from the more carefully structured and considered narratives of the preceding period† (Napier, 5). Walpole’s inability to provide a thorough theoretical explanation of the intent of the genre and breakaway cleanly from pre-existing narrative norms accounts, in part, for the presence of tonal and modal incongruities within the textual body of Otranto. An examination of the theo... .... Meaning is deflected to surfaces and nothing about a character is truly known beyond what is necessary to further the plot. Nonetheless, despite all the structural incongruities within the body of Otranto, Walpole was successful in establishing a genre that later practitioners perfected. Works Cited Clery, E. J. Introduction. The Castle of Otranto. By Horace Walpole. New York: OUP, 1998. vii-xxxiii. Kiely, Robert. The Romantic Novel in England. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP, 1972. Mowl, Tim. Horace Walpole: The Great Outsider. London: John Murray (Publishers) Ltd., 1996. Napier, Elizabeth R. The Failure of Gothic: Problems of Disjunction in an Eighteenth-Century Literary Form. New York: OUP, 1987. Sedgwick, Eve K. Coherence of Gothic Conventions. New York and London: Methuen, 1986. Walpole, Horace. The Castle of Otranto. New York: OUP, 1998.

Legislative Requirements Essay

The purpose of this assignment is to identify the key aspects of current legislative requirements and codes of practice for teaching within the animal care sector. As a teacher within the establishment, it is my responsibility to ensure that none of my students are disadvantaged, by taking into account the Equal opportunity legislation, formally known as the Equality Act 2010, which came into force on the 6th October. It states that â€Å"no one is to be discriminated against irrespective of age, ethnic origin, gender, race, nationality, disability or domestic circumstances† the Equality act also replaces the Disability discrimination act. It would be my responsibility as a teacher, to ensure that any resources such as handouts and other learning material are free from bias (Wilson 2008 Pg 21 chap 1). Being in part, a vocational course, the health and safety at work act 1974 would be a key legislative requirement, as an educator I would be expected to demonstrate a model of best practice for my students to look up to and follow, subsequently, The management of Health and safety at work regulations 1999 would also be another piece of legislation which would be particulary relevant Furthermore, as an educator by law I have a duty of care towards my students, the legislation states that as teachers if you are proven negligent, you may have to compensate the injured party, not only does this apply to individuals but the organisation as well, I would have to ensure that whilst providing learners the opportunity to experiment and develop independence, it would have to be achieved in a safe working environment. Reporting of injuries diseases and dangerous occurrences 1995 is also relevant, being an educator in a potentially hazardous environment, more commonly known as RIDDOR, and states that certain incidents are reportable by law, they must be reported to the health and safety executive and the local authority, An example of this being if hospital treatment is needed to be administered to a student following an activity, the educational establishment should have clear guidelines on how to report incidents. There are numerous legislative requirements which as an educator I would have to adhere to. Wilson (2008) states that whilst some of these aspects need only awareness of context, many of them will impact on your first teaching experience, therefore require a detailed knowledge.

Sales Force Compensations Essay - 1306 Words

Sales Force Compensation HRM 533: Total Rewards January 30, 2013 Abstract Keeping the moral of sales force in high level is critical in recent economy. One of the factors that enhance the attitudes and the productivity of sales force is a rewards program that recognize and addresses their needs. To assists in understanding the influence and role played by rewards program, Starbucks’s compensation plan will be used as a guide in creating an effective workforce compensation program. Sales Force Compensation Throughout the decades, there has been evidence showing that best way to success and gains profits is to focus on rewarding employees not just pay and benefits. Motivating employees plays†¦show more content†¦When employees get what they value this will motivate, retain, and attract them. 3. Measure and Manage Cost and Risk: creating balance between effectiveness and cost make a successful rewards plan. Companies also need to manage and identify total rewards- related risk. For example, companies should have a plan to manage funding risk related to defined benefit or stock plans. In addition, they need to be preparing if the plan did not motivate employees. 4. Strengthen Performance Management System: to adopt best practice plan and make it work, it essential to make sure that mangers are effectively carrying them out. Training managers will strengthen the connection between performance management and rewards and improve performance. 5. Sharply Differentiate betwe en Top Performers and Everyone Else: Employers need to be recognizing the top performers from others. Encourage, them by increasing their salary significantly and provide opportunities for development and learning. 6. Make Communication and Education a Priority: total rewards work effectively when the employees support and understand them. Poor communication may result in affecting employee’s choices from selecting the right rewards. Describe the behaviors of the sales force that are targeted with the compensation plan. For an organization to be effective, it must tackle the motivationalShow MoreRelatedSales Force Compensation Essay832 Words   |  4 PagesSales Force Compensation Adam Goode Dr. Ed Sherbert HRM533: Total Rewards November 4, 2012 Sales Force Compensation In order for a company to acquire the highest number of clients, that company must be able to fully motivate their employees. One of the primary factors to motivate the sales force is compensation. Employees that are in the sales force do want to get commissions for the sales that are made, butRead MoreNon Financial Compensation Reward For Motivating Sales Force2446 Words   |  10 Pagesimportant to stimulate the sales force for better sales performance and stronger commitment to their organizations. Firstly, I will define the generic term of motivation and the purpose of motivating sales force from individual and organizational aspects. 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